Mutual funds typically are purchased in
either of two ways:
- Directly, from a fund company, using mail, telephone, or at
office locations.
- Indirectly, from a sales agent, including securities firms,
banks, life insurance companies, and financial planners.
Mutual funds may be affiliated with an "underwriter," which
usually has an exclusive right to distribute shares to investors.
Most underwriters distribute shares through broker/dealer firms.
Mutual funds are corporations typically formed by an investment
advisory firm that selects the board of trustees (directors) for the
company. The trustees, in turn, hire a separate management company,
normally the investment advisory firm, to manage the fund. The
management company is contracted by the investment company to
perform necessary research and to manage the portfolio, as well as
to handle the administrative chores, for which it receives a fee.
Given the economies of scale in managing portfolios, expenses
rise as assets under management increase, but not at the same rate
as revenues. Because investment managers can oversee various amounts
of money with few additional costs, management companies seek to
increase the size of the fund(s) being managed. Many operate several
different funds simultaneously. Investors can now choose from more
than 400 mutual fund complexes (a fund complex is a group of funds
under substantially common management).
Mutual funds are the most popular form of investment company for
the typical investor. One reason is that the minimum investment
requirements for most funds are small. Two-thirds of all funds
require $1000 or less to get started, and 85 percent require $5,000
or less. For IRA and other retirement accounts, the minimum required
is often lower.
Owners of fund shares can sell them back to the company (redeem
them) any time they choose; the mutual fund is legally obligated to
redeem them. Investors purchase new shares and redeem their existing
shares at the net asset value (NAV), which for any investment
company share is computed daily by calculating the total market
value of the securities in the portfolio, subtracting any trade
payables, and dividing by the number of investment company fund
shares currently outstanding.
There are two major types of mutual funds:
- Money market mutual funds (short-term funds)
- Equity and bond & income funds (long-term funds)
Money market funds concentrate on short-term investing by holding
portfolios of money market assets, whereas equity and bond &
income funds concentrate on longer term investing by holding mostly
capital market assets, such as stocks and bonds.
A major innovation in the investment company industry has been
the creation, and subsequent phenomenal growth, of money market
funds, which are open-end investment companies whose portfolios
consist of money market instruments.
Created in 1974, when interest rates were at record-high levels,
money market funds grew tremendously in 1981-1982 when short-term
interest rates were again at record levels and investors seeking to
earn these high short-term rates found that they generally could not
do so directly because of the large denominations of money market
securities. However, this situation has changed with the
deregulation of the thrift institutions, and competition has
increased dramatically for investors' short-term savings. Banks can
now offer money market deposit accounts that pay competitive money
market rates and are insured.
Money market funds can be divided into taxable funds and
tax-exempt funds.
Investors in higher tax brackets should carefully compare the
taxable equivalent yield on tax-exempt money market funds with that
available on taxable funds because the tax-free funds often provide
an edge. Taxable money market funds hold assets such as Treasury
bills, negotiable CDs, and prime commercial paper. Some funds hold
only bills, whereas others hold various mixtures. Commercial paper
typically accounts for 40 to 50 percent of the total assets held by
these funds, with Treasury bills, government agency securities,
domestic and foreign bank obligations, and repurchase agreements
rounding out the portfolios. The average maturity of money market
portfolios ranges from approximately one month to two months. SEC
regulations limit the maximum average maturity of money funds to 90
days.
Tax-exempt money market funds consist of national funds which
invest in short- term municipal securities of various issuers and
state tax-exempt money market funds, which invest only in the issues
of a single state, thereby providing additional tax benefits.
Investors in money market funds pay neither a sales charge nor a
redemption charge, but they do pay a management fee. Interest is
earned and credited daily. The shares can be redeemed at any time by
phone or wire. Many funds offer check-writing privileges for checks
of $500 or more, with the investor earning interest until the check
clears."
Money market funds provide investors with a chance to earn the
going rates in the money market while enjoying broad diversification
and great liquidity. The rates have varied as market conditions
changed. The important point is that their yields corresponded to
current market conditions. Although investors may assume little risk
because of the diversification and quality of these instruments,
money market funds are not insured. Banks and thrift institutions
have emphasized this point in competing with money market funds for
the savings of investors. The board of directors (trustees) of an
investment company must specify the objective that the company will
pursue in its investment policy. The companies try to follow a
consistent investment policy, according to their specified
objective. Investors should purchase mutual funds on the basis of
their objectives
Following is a listing of most major types of mutual funds:
Aggressive Growth Funds seek maximum capital
appreciation (a rise in share price); current income is not a
significant factor. Some funds in this category may invest in
out-of-the-mainstream stocks, such as those of fledgling or
struggling companies, or those in new or temporarily out-of-favor
industries. Some of these funds may also use specialized
investment techniques such as option writing or short-term trading
For these reasons, these funds usually entail greater risk than
the overall mutual fund universe.
Balanced Funds generally try to balance three different
objectives: moderate long-term growth of capital, moderate income,
and moderate stability in an investor's principal. To reach these
goals, balanced funds in- vest in a mixture of stocks and bonds.
Corporate Bond Funds seek a high level of income by
purchasing primarily bonds of U.S.-based corporations; they may
also invest in other fixed-income securities such as U.S. Treasury
bonds.
Flexible Portfolio Funds may invest in any one
investment class (stocks, bonds, or money market instruments) or
any combination thereof, depending on the conditions in each
market. Because they do not limit a fund manager's exposure to any
one market, these funds provide the greatest flexibility in
anticipating or responding to economic changes.
Ginnie Mae or GNMA Funds seek a high level of
in-come by investing primarily in mortgage securities backed by
the Government National Mortgage Association.
Global Bond Funds seek a high level of income by
investing in the debt securities of companies and countries 1
worldwide, including issuers in the United States. The funds'
money managers deal with varied currencies, languages, time zones,
laws, and regulations, and business customs and practices. Because
of these factors, although global funds provide added
diversification, they are also subject to more risk than domestic
(U.S.) bond funds.
Global Equity Funds seek capital appreciation (a rise in
share price) bv investing in securities traded worldwide,
including issuers in the United States. These funds operate just
like other global and international funds (see above), providing,
added diversification but also added risk.
Growth and Income Funds invest mainly in the common
stock of companies that offer potentially increasing value as well
as consistent dividend payments. Such funds attempt to provide
investors with long term capital growth and a steady stream of
income.
Growth Funds invest in the common stock of companies
that offer potentially rising share prices. These funds primarily
aim to provide capital appreciation (a rise in share price) rather
than steady income.
High-yield Bond Funds maintain at least two-thirds of
their portfolios in non investment-grade corporate bonds (those
rated Baa or lower by Moody's
rating service and BBB or lower by Standard
and Poor's rating service). In return for potentially greater
income, high-yield funds present investors with greater credit
risk than do higher-rated bond funds.
Income-Bond Funds seek a high level of income by
investing in a mixture of corporate and government bonds.
Income-Equity Funds seek a high level of income bv
investing primarily in stocks of companies with a consistent
history of dividend payments.
Income-Mixed Funds seek a high level of current income
by investing in income-producing securities, including both
equities and debt instruments.
International Funds seek capital appreciation (a rise in
share price) by investing in equity securities of companies
located outside the United States. Two-thirds of fund assets must
be so invested at all times to qualify for this category.
National Municipal Bond Funds-Long-term invest primarily
in bonds issued by states and municipalities to finance schools,
highways, hospitals, airports, bridges, water and sewer works, and
other public projects. In most cases, income earned on these
securities is not taxed by the federal government, and may or may
not be taxed by state and local governments. For some taxpayers, a
portion of income may be subject to the federal alternative
minimum tax.
Precious Metals/Gold Funds seek capital appreciation (a
rise in share price) by investing at least two-thirds .of fund
assets in securities associated with gold, silver, and other
precious metals.
State Municipal Bond Funds-Long-term work just like
national municipal bond funds (see above) except that their
portfolios primarily contain the issues of one state. For
residents of that state, the income from these securities is
typically free from both federal and state taxes. For some
taxpayers, a portion of income may be subject to the federal
alternative minimum tax.
Taxable Money Market Mutual Funds seek the highest
income consistent with preserving investment principal. These
funds seek to maintain a stable $1.00 share price by investing in
short-term money market securities (a portfolio's average maturity
must be 90 days or less) of the highest credit quality. Examples
of money market securities include U.S. Treasury bills, commercial
paper (short-term IOUs) of corporations, and large-denomination
certificates of deposit (CDs) of banks. Because of their
short-term, high-quality characteristics, money market funds are
considered the lower risk mutual funds available.
Tax-exempt Money Market Funds-National seek the highest
level of federally tax-free income consistent with preserving
investment principal. These funds invest in short-term municipal
securities issued by states and municipalities to finance local
projects. For some taxpayers, a portion of income may be subject
to the federal alternative minimum tax.
Tax-exempt Money Market Funds-State work just like other
tax-exempt money market funds (see above) except that their
portfolios invest primarily in issues from one state. A resident
in that state typically receives income exempt from federal and
state taxes. For some taxpayers, a portion of income may be
subject to the federal alternative minimum tax.
U.S. Government Income Funds
seek income by investing in a variety of U.S. Government
securities, including Treasury bonds, federally guaranteed mortgage-backed securities, and other government- backed
issues.